Outline for Chapter 23:
Carbohydrate Metabolism
1. Digestion of carbohydrates
2. Glucose metabolism: (a) Glycolysis, (b) Glycogenesis, (c) Pentose phosphate pathway, (d) Glycogenolysis, (e) Gluconeogenesis. Learn the names of intermediates and the enzymes that catalyze each step.
3. Production of ATP and NADH/H+
4. Entry of other sugars into glycolysis
5. Pyruvate metabolism: (a) Aerobic conditions pyruvate is converted to acetyl-SCoA; (b) Anaerobic conditions pyruvate is reduced to lactate; (c) In yeast pyruvate is converted to ethanol.
6. Energy output from complete catabolism of glucose
7. Regulation of glucose metabolism: Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar); Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar). Role of insulin and glucagon.
8. Effects of fasting and starvation
9. Diabetes mellitus