Outline for Chapter 22:
Carbohydrates
1. Classification of carbohydrates
A. By complexity: (i) Monosaccharides, (ii) Disaccharides, (iii) Polysaccharides
B. By carbonyl group: (i) Aldoses, (ii) Ketoses
2. Handedness: Chiral carbon, Enantiomers, Stereoisomers, Diastereomers
3. D and L sugars, Fischer projestions
4. Structure of monosaccharides: Cyclic hemiacetals, Alpha-isomer, Beta-isomer
5. Conversion of Fisher projections to cyclic Haworth projections
6. Structure and role of important monosaccharides: Glucose, Galactose, Fructose, Ribose, 2’-Deoxyribose
7. Reactions of monosaccharides with (i) Oxidizing agents, (ii) Alchols, (iii) Formation of a bond between two monosaccharides, (iv) Hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond
8. Structure and role of important disaccharides: Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose
9. Important carbohydrate derivatives: Chitin, Hyaluronate, Chondritin 6-sulfate, Heparin, Blood groups on cell surface (A, B, AB, and O).
10. Polysaccharides: Cellulose, Starch, Glycogen